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Reproduction

Reproduction is the process by which all organisms multiply in number and increase their population.

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Asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction is a method of reproduction that involves only one organism. A single organism reproduces two or multiple organisms on its own. This is seen in all unicellular organisms, some multicellular organisms and a few plants. Sexual reproduction
The mode of reproduction that involves two individuals; one male and one female. They produce sex cells or gametes which fuse to form a new organism.

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Asexual Reproduction
Fission
Fission is an asexual reproduction that is common in most of the unicellular organisms.
When the fission results in two daughter cells, it is binary fission (e.g. paramecium).
When fission results in many daughter cells, it is called multiple fission (e.g. Plasmodium).
Planes of fission may be different for different organisms.

Sexual Reproduction
Types of Cell division
Two types of cell division seen in eukaryotic organisms:

Mitosis

Takes place in somatic cells
Maintains the chromosome number
Produces two, diploid daughter cells
Required for asexual reproduction, development and growth, cell replacement and regeneration
Meiosis

Takes place in sex cells
Reduces the number of chromosomes by half
Produces four haploid daughter cells
Required for sexual reproduction, i.e gamete formation
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The Reproductive System
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Male reproductive system
The main reproductive organ in males is a pair of testes.
They produce the male sex cells called sperms and also produce male sex hormone testosterone

Female reproductive system
The human female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries, a pair of fallopian tubes/oviducts and the accessory organs such as the uterus and the vagina.

Female main reproductive organ
The main reproductive organ in a female is a pair of ovaries.
They produce the female sex cells called eggs or ova and also produce female sex hormones called estrogen and progesterone.
Female accessory reproductive organ
Uterus and vagina are the accessory reproductive organs in human females.
The uterus is the site of fetal development and vagina receives sperms from the male.
Menstrual Cycle
Menstruation
Menstruation is the cyclic event of the release of the ovum from the ovary and its removal from the body when fertilization does not happen.
During menstruation, the blood-rich endometrium of the uterus also breaks down while the ovum is being removed from the body.
Two pituitary hormones, LH and FSH and two ovarian hormones, estrogen and progesterone, all have their roles in menstruation.
In humans, the cycle repeats every 28 days

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